In the exam I will be discussing muslims and another group and refer to 2 different medias.

David Gauntlett on representation and identity (2002): “identity is complicated; it is not fixed and representations are rarely binary; they change fluidly”.  E.g. Gone too far: yemi’s identity is complicated. British Nigerian, throughout the film he begins to accept his cultural identity.

David Gauntlett’s Media Studies 2.0 (2006)

“Media Studies today is shaped by new and converging media industries. The old distinction between audience and producer is blurred, with audience as participator”. Now the audience controls the media. Everything is more accessible. Much more media.

Audience make the media. And challenge media representation

“Since the audience is now participator and media expert, they have control over the message, not big institutions” (Web 2.0).

We can use this media to challenge representation.

-Levi-Strauss’ (1973) binary oppositions are concerned with a tension between two opposing characters. Muslims are seen as the 'alien' or bad.

E.g. White/black, men/women, masculine/feminine, old/young.

Few neutral binary oppositions (relations of power)

Dominant/ other

White/black,                  

Men/women,

Masculine/feminine,

British/alien: different culture/customs. The ‘other’

Binary oppositions exist. 

Hall focuses on representations of black, Asian and minority ethnic groups in the media. “BME people are usually represented as the other”.

Negative connotations

The media represent these groups as under privileged and isolated.  Hall states historically minority groups are always shown as outsiders ‘alien’.

 

hegemony is Before, it was the norm the women had to stay at home and cook and clean

Hybridity is when new identities are formed

europe looked at the world in a negative way from the times of colonialism. the negative representation of muslims began during these times